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A commendatory abbot is an ecclesiastic, or sometimes a layman, who holds an abbey ''in commendam'', drawing its revenues but not exercising any authority over its inner monastic discipline. If a commendatory abbot is an ecclesiastic, however, he may have limited jurisdiction. Originally only vacant abbeys, or those that were temporarily without an actual superior, were given ''in commendam'', in the latter case only until an actual superior was elected or appointed. An abbey is held ''in commendam'', i.e. provisorily, in distinction to one held ''in titulum'', which is a permanent benefice.〔(Ott, Michael. "In Commendam." The Catholic Encyclopedia ) Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 26 Jul. 2015〕 ==History== (詳細はOtt, Michael. "Commendatory Abbot." The Catholic Encyclopedia ) Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 26 Jul. 2015〕 Pope Gregory the Great (590–604) on various occasions gave vacant abbeys ''in commendam'' to bishops who had been driven from their episcopal sees by invading barbarians or whose own churches were too poor to furnish them a decent livelihood.〔 The practice began to be seriously abused in the eighth century when the Anglo-Saxon and Frankish kings assumed the right to set commendatory abbots over monasteries that were occupied by religious communities. Often these commendatory abbots were laymen, vassals of the kings, or others who were authorized to draw the revenues and manage the temporal affairs of the monasteries in reward for military services. The practice was especially widespread during the reigns of Henry IV of Germany, Philip I of France, William the Conqueror, William Rufus, Henry I and Henry II of England.〔 Such a system often proved disastrous for monastic discipline, as the commendatory “abbot” of the community was rarely a monk, nor was he often even present in the monastery. Such a system divided the revenues of the monastery between the ''mensa abbatialis'' (the “abbot’s table”) and the ''mensa conventualis'' (the “monk’s table”) The commendatory abbot would take his portion, thereby reducing the resources of the monks. It was a common arrangement that the commendatory abbot would retain two thirds of the revenue for his own use and leave the remaining third for the support of the abbey. The commendatory bishop was bound to defray the expenses of he community, to keep the buildings in repair, to furnish the ornaments for divine service, and to give suitable alms.〔(Butler, Charles, ''The Lives of Dom Armand-Jean Le Bouthillier de Rancé, Abbot Regular and Reformer of the Monastery of La Trappe; and of Thomas À Kempis'', Longman & Company, 1814 )〕 Nonetheless, many did not and buildings fell into disrepair and new members could even be turned away on account of a simple lack of funds. After the eighth century various attempts were made by popes and councils to regulate the appointment of commendatory abbots. At the Concordat of Worms in 1122, when the Investiture Controversy was settled in favour of the church, the appointment of laymen as commendatory abbots was abolished. The practice again increased during the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) and especially during the Papal Schism (1378–1417), when the papal claimants gave numerous abbeys ''in commendam'' in order to increase the number of their adherents.〔 Boniface VIII (1294–1303) decreed that a benefice with the cure of souls attached should be granted ''in commendam'' only in great necessity or when evident advantage would accrue to the Church, but never for more than six months. Clement V (1305–1314) revoked benefices which had been granted by him ''in commendam'' earlier. The Council of Trent determined that vacant monasteries should be bestowed only on pious and virtuous regulars, and that the motherhouse of an order, and the abbeys and priories founded immediately from it, should no longer be granted ''in commendam''. The succeeding bull "Superna" of Gregory XIII and the constitution "Pastoralis" of Innocent X greatly checked ''in commendam'' appointments but did not abolish them entirely. In spite of various efforts to reform such a system, it continued to plague the monastic orders throughout the centuries.〔("Medieval and Early Modern Challenges", Our Lady of Dallas Cistercian Abbey )〕 Especially in France, they continued to flourish to the detriment of the monasteries; for example the Abbey of Cluny. On the eve of the French Revolution of 1789, of the two-hundred-thirty-seven Cistercian institutions in France, only thirty-five were governed by regular Cistercian abbots.〔 Finally the French Revolution and the general secularization of monasteries in the beginning of the eighteenth century reduced the significance of commendatory abbots along with the significance of monasteries in general. Since that time commendatory abbots have become very rare, and the former abuses have been abolished by careful regulations. There are still a few commendatory abbots among the cardinals; Pope Pius X himself was Commendatory Abbot of the Benedictine monastery at Subiaco near Rome. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「commendatory abbot」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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